Monorepo 工具链：Turborepo + pnpm workspace

当项目从一个包拆为多个包，每个独立 repo 会导致依赖版本不一致、代码复用难、发布链路繁琐。Monorepo 用工具链解决这些痛点，Turborepo + pnpm 是目前体验最优组合。

pnpm workspace 依赖管理

在 pnpm-workspace.yaml 中声明 apps/* 和 packages/* 目录结构，根目录 pnpm install 自动硬链接，同一依赖跨包共享，node_modules 严格隔离避免幽灵依赖。workspace: 协议引用内部包，修改即时生效无需发版。

# pnpm-workspace.yaml
packages:
  - 'apps/*'
  - 'packages/*'
  - 'tooling/*'

# turbo.json
{
  "$schema": "https://turbo.build/schema.json",
  "pipeline": {
    "build": {
      "dependsOn": ["^build"],
      "outputs": [".next/**", "dist/**"],
      "cache": true
    },
    "typecheck": { "dependsOn": ["^build"], "outputs": [] },
    "lint": { "dependsOn": ["^build"], "outputs": [] },
    "test": {
      "dependsOn": ["^build"],
      "outputs": ["coverage/**"],
      "inputs": ["**/*.test.*", "jest.config.*"]
    },
    "dev": { "cache": false, "persistent": true }
  }
}

# root package.json
{
  "name": "my-monorepo",
  "private": true,
  "packageManager": "pnpm@9.0.0",
  "scripts": {
    "build": "turbo build",
    "typecheck": "turbo typecheck",
    "test": "turbo test",
    "dev": "turbo dev",
    "release": "changeset version && changeset publish"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "turbo": "^2.0.0",
    "@changesets/cli": "^2.27.0",
    "typescript": "^5.4.0"
  }
}

# packages/ui/package.json
{
  "name": "@company/ui",
  "version": "1.2.0",
  "type": "module",
  "main": "./dist/index.js",
  "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
  "exports": {
    ".": { "types": "./dist/index.d.ts", "import": "./dist/index.js" },
    "./styles.css": "./dist/styles.css"
  },
  "sideEffects": false
}

Turborepo 增量构建与缓存

turbo.json 声明任务依赖图：子包 build 依赖上游^build，自动拓扑排序。每次构建的输入哈希命中本地或远程缓存直接跳过，CI 构建速度可提升 5-20 倍。

维度	手工多仓	Lerna + yarn	pnpm + Turborepo	pnpm + Nx
依赖去重	跨仓各装	中等 hoisting	硬链接共享	与Turborepo相同
任务编排	脚本	弱并行lerna run	DAG智能缓存	targetDefaults
远程缓存	无	付费企业版	自建S3/Vercel免费	Nx Cloud免费额度
幽灵依赖风险	低	高	极低	极低